Combat

Combat is played out in rounds, and in each round everybody acts in turn in a regular cycle. Com­bat usually runs in the following way.

1. Characters and opponents (usually controlled by the GM) all roll for initiative. Initiative determines the order that players take there turn.
2. It is determined if a surprise round is necessary by asking the question: "Are all combatants aware of their opponents?". If there are combatants that not aware of there opponent then they cannot act in this round. It is a surprise to them.
3. The first round of combat officially starts. The question is raised of advantages and disadvantages there may currently be. For example: Do players have cover, if so how much? Things such as this.
4. Combatants act in initiate order taking into account any advantages and disadvantages and be aware if an action changes that.
5. Once all combatants have finished the turn is over and it starts over at step 3 again. If there are any round counters such as a fire burning, or poison effects you would move the counter now. This cycle continues until combat is declared over.

Initiative (Step 1)

Every round, each combatant gets to do something. The combatants’ initiative checks, from highest to lowest, determine the order in which they act, from first to last.

Initiative Checks At the start of a battle, each combatant makes a single initiative check. An initiative check is actually just a Dexterity check normally. However Characters may have taken certain feats or talents that improve initiative by adding additional bonuses. Your Character Sheet should have a "Misc" section for Initiative which is why we have a spot for Initiative instead of just saying "Do a Dexterity check".

The GM finds out what order characters are acting in, counting down from highest result to lowest, and each character acts in turn. On all following rounds, the characters act in the same order (unless a character takes an action that results in his or her initiative changing; see Special Initiative Actions). If two or more combatants have the same initiative check result, the combatants who are tied compare Dexterity Scores. If still a tie they both do a Dexterity Check. (d20 + Dex Mod) until one is the winner.

Flat-Footed: At the start of a battle, before the character has had a chance to act (specifically, before the character’s first turn in the initiative order), the character is flat-footed. A character can’t use his or her Dexterity bonus to Defense or make attacks of opportunity while flat-footed. Flat-Footed is a status normally seen as a disadvantage to the Character. The Character Sheet has a convenient place to store the Flat-Footed value so that you do not need to calculate it.

Joining a Battle If characters enter a battle after it has begun, they roll initiative at that time and act whenever their turn comes up in the existing order.

Surprise! (Step 2)

When a combat starts, if a character was not aware of his or her enemies and they were aware of the character, that character is surprised. Likewise, a character can surprise his or her enemies if the character knows about them before they’re aware of the character.

The Surprise Round If some but not all of the combatants are aware of their opponents, a surprise round happens before regular rounds begin. The combatants who are aware of the opponents can act in the surprise round. The combatants who are aware of the opponents can act in the surprise round. They act in order the order that the Initiative states from step 1 just skipping the surprised combatants. If no one or everyone is surprised, a surprise round does not occur.

Unaware Combatants Combatants who are unaware at the start of battle do not get to act in the surprise round. Unaware combatants are still flat-footed because they have not acted yet. Because of this, they lose any Dexterity bonus to Defense.

Actions that can be done in surprise round and advantages and disadvantages that can be applies are explained in below sections.

Determining Advantages and Disadvantages (Step 3)

There are multi things that can give combatants advantages or disadvantages in combat. An advantage is anything that gives a bonus to a combatant. A disadvantage is simply anything that is a detractor/penalty for a combatant, in other words the opposite of advantage.

In the start of combat ALL combatants (unless noted otherwise) have the disadvantage "Flat-Footed". More about what "Flat-Footed" means down below. Once a combatant's turn starts they are no longer considered Flat-Foot'ed unless told otherwise.

There is a lot of different modifiers that can be considered disadvantages in combat just remember that they all boil down to a detractor to some modifier when doing a dice roll. Basically if you have a disadvantage of any kinda it just means that when you roll your dice you subtract a number where normally you may add a number to the total outcome. Or simply do not apply a bonus where you normally do. This is suppose to show that it is more difficult to preform that action because you are at a disadvantage.

Just like disadvantages there are a lot of advantages in combat but they all result in the same thing. A bonus you get to apply too your dice roll that helps to increase your chance of success. This is suppose to show that your character has the advantage when performing that action.

There are also Conditions a player may be in. Some conditions simply change modifiers. For example the condition of "Sickened" gives you a -2 penalty on all attack rolls, weapon damage rolls, skill checks, and ability checks. Obviously the "Sickened" condition would be considered a Disadvantage. Although other conditions such as "Unconscious" just describe that the combatant is knocked out and helpless.

There are different levels of Advantages/Disadvantages that simply say how much of a bonus/penalty a combatant gets. The 3 different levels are as follows:

• Minor: +/- 1
• Moderate: +/- 2
• Major: +/- 4

The idea here is to make it easy for a GM and Player to know what to add or subtract if necessary. A GM can for some creative reason within the game declare that a Player has the advantage or disadvantage. This doesn't mean that you can simply throw out anything willy nilly. Below is a list of Modifiers that can be used as examples. Some condition, that can be explained, has to effecting the combatant. The GM can declare it a minor/moderate/major condition. The condition can effect either Attack Rolls or Defense rolls. Some conditions can also effect checks and damage rolls.

Below is a list of Attack and Defense Modifiers/Conditions.

Table: Attack Roll Modifiers

Attacker is	Melee	Ranged
Dazzled	–1	–1
Entangled	–2	–2
Flanking defender	+2	—
Invisible	+2	+2
On higher ground	+1	+0
Prone	–4	—
Shaken or frightened	–2	–2
Squeezing through a space	–4	–4

Table: Defense Check Modifiers

Defender is	Melee	Ranged
Behind cover	+4	+4
Blinded	–2	–2
Concealed or invisible	See Concealment
Cowering	–2	–2
Entangled	+0	+0
Flat-footed	+0	+0
Grappling (but attacker is not)	+0	+0
Helpless	–4	+0
Kneeling or sitting	–2	+2
Pinned	–4	+0
Prone	–4	+4
Squeezing through a space	–4	–4
Stunned	–2	–2

Advantage/Disadvantage Stacking:

1. Advantage's can stack but you can only add 1/2 of ever bonus on top of the largest bonus. So if you have 3 bonuses. One Major, one moderate, and one minor the total would be a +6 advantage bonus. That would be the Major (+4), Moderate (+2 / 2) , and Minor which will also be just +1. If two of your advantage bonuses are both the highest simply pick one to be the base and add 1/2 the other. Like so, Major (+4) + Major (+4 / 2) + Moderate (+2 / 2) = (+8) total bonus. The max a Character can have is +12.
2. Disadvantage's can also stack however no extra math is necessary. Simply add the disadvantages together for a total. If you get a -20 or more then you auto fail the check/attack/damage. So if you have a -20 to your Attack Values you cannot even attempt an attack until you are no longer posses -20 worth of penalties. As for Ability scores you do not die if you get -20 in CON. Nor does any other negative disadvantage in Abilities effect your actual score. Only temporarily effects the modifier.
3. There is not stacking of conditions that do not effect each other. For example if you have a disadvantage in your ability score for DEX a disadvantage for STR would not stack or gain the other abilities disadvantage.
4. Advantages and Disadvantages do not cancel each other out. You simply add the advantage and then subtract the disadvantage.

Visit the Conditions page for a full list of Conditions and there effects.

Actions done by a player may change the conditions in the round. It is up to the GM to confirm and keep track of all conditions and to insure that players are aware of there own Conditions. It is a good idea for a Player to be wise to the different conditions a combatant can be in and what conditions may they themselves have or could have. Much of the strategy of combat in this game is about moving combatants into conditions that weaken them while avoiding the same fate.

The Combat Rounds (Step 4)

Step 4 is repeated multi times until combat is finished. Usually the longest part of combat because each player has to figure out what to do and roll for there action. What action a combatant can do and how it effects himself and others are laid out here. This is also the largest section as it attempts to explain all that can be done.

Combatants Actions

The fundamental actions of moving and attacking cover most of what a character wants to do in a battle. They’re described here. Other, more specialized options are touched on later.

The Combat Round Each round represents about 2 seconds in the game world. A round is an opportunity for each character involved in a combat to take an action. Anything a person could reasonably do in 2 seconds, a character can do in 1 round. Each round’s activity begins with the character with the highest initiative result and then proceeds, in order, from there. Each round of a combat uses the same initiative order. When a character’s turn comes up in the initiative sequence, that character performs his or her entire round’s worth of actions. (For exceptions, see Attacks of Opportunity and Special Initiative Actions.) For almost all purposes, there is no relevance to the end of a round or the beginning of a round. A round can be a segment of game time starting with the first character to act and ending with the last, but it usually means a span of time from a certain round to the same initiative number in the next round. Effects that last a certain number of rounds end just before the same initiative count that they began on.

Table: Complete List of Actions

Attack Actions	Attack of Opportunity
Attack (melee weapon)	No
Attack (Combat Maneuver)	Yes
Attack (Ranged)	Yes
Attack an object	Maybe
Move Actions	Attack of Opportunity
Move your speed	Yes
Use a piece of equipment	No
Climb, Crawl, Swim (Half Speed)	No
Draw a weapon	No
Holster a weapon	Yes
Move a object	Yes
Open a door slowly	No
Stand up from prone, sitting, or kneeling	Yes
Load a weapon	Yes
Full-Round Actions	Attack of Opportunity
Combat Maneuver (Sometimes)	Maybe
Coup de grace	Yes
Full attack(Extra Attack Feat)	No
Sprint	Yes
Withdraw	No
Make a dying character stable	Yes
Total defense	No
Free Actions	Attack of Opportunity
Drop an object	No
Drop to prone, sitting, or kneeling	No
Speak	No
5-foot step	No
Action Type Varies	Attack of Opportunity
Reload a firearm*	Yes
Use a skill	Usually
Use a feat	Varies
Delay	No

Remember that each round represents 2 seconds of in-game time. The below table may help explain.

Table: Time and actions in a round of combat.

	---- Time (2 seconds) ----
ACTIONS
	Standard Action (Move Action or Attack Action)		Free Action
	Full Round Action

To the right is a full list table of all the actions that can be done in combat. You may also noticed the column "Attack of Opportunity" This is an important part of Combat and will be explained further later in this section.

Attack of Opportunity

Sometimes a combatant in a melee lets her guard down or takes a reckless action. In this case, combatants near her can take advantage of her lapse in defense to attack her for free. These free attacks are called Attacks Of Opportunity. Combatants who cannot preform melee against the combatant who has invoked an attack of opportunity cannot make the free attack. Basically attacks of opportunity are melee only attacks that are a result of another combatants actions. A combatant who is holding a Ranged weapon but is less then 5 feet of the combatant who has provoked an attack of opportunity can preform an improvised weapon attack by using the butt of their gun.

In the "Actions" section above there is a table with a list of actions. That table also states if that action provokes an attack of opportunity. This is one way to know if an attack of opportunity will happen. Another that the table doesn't touch on is movement. How a player moves may provoke attacks of opportunity from other combatants. To explain attacks of opportunity caused by movement you must first know about Character Placement/Location within combat.

Character Placement/Location

Future Path uses squares as a way to help visualize combatants location,range of attack/movement/reach and who they can see and hit. You do not need a square mat to play as some groups prefer to imagine the whole thing and may feel that visual help hampers the imagination. However it is also nice for at least the GM to have some scratch graphing paper to help insure rules are followed.

Each square is considered 5 square feet. Each player according to there size takes up at least 1 square as there personal space. This means that if one player moves through another friendly plays space they cannot sprint. A combatant cannot move through a enemy's square, at least not unless that combatant is in someway unable to move and is considered helpless such as having the condition of unconscious. Each combatant has a 5ft melee attack radius known as the Threat Range. Normally its just 5ft unless specified otherwise. Usually this can be changed by different type of melee weapon. Such as a halberd or a whip.

When moving a character can move in any 8 directions. Forward, Backwards, Left, Right as well as the diagonal directions Forward Left, Forward Right and Backwards Left, Backwards Right. There is also up and down and so on for ships in space if they have that ability. We will get into movement in space at a later time.

Getting back to Attacks of Opportunity. If a combatant moves out of or past another combatant melee attack range also knows as a Combatants Melee Threat Range they evoke an Attack of Opportunity from that combatant.

Example

If a combatant is fighting an opponent and then they decide to move behind cover and switch to a ranged weapon when they move out of the melee attack range of the opponent they where fighting that evokes an attack of opportunity. The opponent instantly gets a free simple melee attack. This attack is rolled and damage given before the combatant can safely get to cover. Following this same scenario as this combatant is running for cover they run past another enemy opponent. The combatant enters the Melee Threat Range and upon exiting it evokes another attack of opportunity now from the second opponent. Needless to say avoiding free attacks is an important thing in combat and keeping track of where you are in relation to the enemy can help avoid the opponents from sneaking in extra damage.

Avoiding attacks of Opportunity from movement is possible. There are two options. One is the "Tactical Retreat". This is considered a full round action and if following the above scenario out this would stop the first attack of opportunity from happening. It would allow the combatant to retreat from the person they are engaged in melee with. However this does not avoid attacks of opportunity from opponents that you pass through. The second is simply take a 5 foot step. However remember that 5ft steps cannot be done if you already have done a move action and they also are a way to declare the end of your turn. This would however avoid both attacks of opportunity as you do not evoke it with the first opponent and you never got far enough to pass through the second opponents threaten range.

Free Actions

Lets first talk about Free actions in combat. A free action is anything that can be easily done in less then a second if necessary or be done while preforming other actions. So the table isn't a truly complete list. For example dropping an object merely requires that a combatant lets go of the object this can be done in a split second even if the object takes much longer to hit the floor. Or talking which can be done in the middle of preforming other actions.

Free actions can add up. You can only preform one free action a round without it taking up a standard action slot. If you preform multiple free actions you have to either choose the standard attack action or standard move action to sacrifice for that round. 4 or move free actions are considered to take a full round and both standard actions are taken.

Below is the actions mentioned in the table show previously explained in more detail.

Drop an object

This is simple. Simply let go of whatever the Player is having his character hold onto. Anything that is not connected in any other way except by a single directly accessible way of release. Wither that is simply releasing your hold on the item or its on an easily release clip. A player can preform this free action more then once in a turn without it being considered more then a single free action. However that only works if the character is able to let go of all the objects simultaneously.

This also implies even in low or zero gravity. As long as the character do not care the direction that the object is sent or the lack of motion from the object. For example you may be very concerned about a grenade as it would simply float around you. You would require to throw the object as you care about the direction. However if you simply wanted to leave the grenade there and flee the area then letting go of the grenade becomes a free action.

Drop to prone, sitting, or kneeling

A simple action similar to drop an object except you cannot preform this more then once a turn without it being considered multi free actions. Also with the exception of low/zero gravity. This action cannot be considered a free move while in low/zero gravity. It is considered a standard action.

Speak

This may seam like a simple action and indeed it is however there is a lot of stipulation around this. It can be done as a free action during your turn and over laps all other free and standard actions meaning it never counts as an additional free action. Speaking is truly a free action. It can even be done when preforming a full round action which normally removes the ability to do a free action. The one rule is your words are limited to only a few seconds worth of speech per turn. You can even reply out of your turn. Just your words should not add up to more then ~2 seconds per round. Thus your conversation during the combat must be quick and is likely to take multi turns to make convey any complex ideas. This is a roll-playing game and combat is suppose to be fast and intense. At least it should seam that way too your characters. Pausing for out of game player conversation is always a nice feature of a strategy game but also can be abused. GM's should make sure that the players are not being information from "beyond the 4th wall (oooooohaaaaah)" into there characters knowledge. In other words knowledge gained from player communication that is considered outside of the actual game play should never mix with ingame character knowledge and characters should not act on ideas players discussed without having there characters also discuss them.

If you have your characters rollplay a complex discussion in battle it will either have to be around roll dice for attacks and defense or the players active in conversation must take full round actions dedicated to the conversation. Like to people behind a barrier talking about how ridiculous the battle is and what to do about it. People may still shoot at them but they are not having to directly react unless they are actually hit which breaks the conversation.

Of course how much this rule is followed is dependent on how well the GM enforces it and how much fun the group would fine that enforcement to be. Just remember that roll-playing is fun because it is a game of the imagination and having to overcome these imagined barriers can be challenging and interesting.

One way to get around this to some degree is to declare that your statement is wrapped up in a gesture. A simple (Attack here, defend that) gesture can be done at the same time someone moves, talks, attacks with a single handed weapon. You can rollplay the hand singles or simply speak what you intend without it taking away from the amount of words you can say. However communication via hand gestures are limited to one gesture per round.

5-foot step

Much like Speaking this is not so simple. 5-foot step also has a lot of stipulation around it. 5-foot step can only be done once. The 5-foot step adds on top of any other free action except Speak. The 5-foot step is considered a turn ended move. It also cannot be done if any standard move action is done.

5-ft steps are a way to temporarily escape the reach of a melee attack. Or to move behind cover after an attack.

Move Actions

Move your speed

During combat all combatants are expected to be running or at least jogging from location to location. You can claim that your character causes not to run from the massive firy explosion from behind but instead walk away from it. In this case you take 1/2 of the speed of your normal movement. Most movement is 30 feet. So 15 is your walk speed in combat. Remember that is how much you can walk is roughly 2-3 seconds.

Moving out of an melee threat range provokes an attack of opportunity. You can choose to move twice and sacrifice your attack standard action. You still get a free action as this is not considered a full round. However this always you to move twice your normal distance.

Sprint/Full movement (Full round move action)

Although sprint is considered a Full Round Action we mention it here because it is indeed a movement. Sprint is the ability to increase your run speed but requires a full round to preform. Instead of going twice your move distance you can now go tree times. If a characters normal move distance is 30 and the player decides to have that character sprint it can move 90 feet or 18 squares.

This also can provoke attacks of opportunity just like moving can.

Climb, Crawl, Swim (Half Speed)

This is fairly simple. These are other move actions that require additional skill or simply hinder the speed at which you can move. If you wish to move at twice the speed of a normal climb/crawl/swim you must take a full round action. Attacks of opportunity still apply.

Draw/Holster a weapon

Again fairly simple. If a player doesn't declare that her character already has a weapon drawn then one of the first move actions in combat may be to do so. The player can still do another move action if they are willing to sacrifice there attack action. But drawing a weapon without any feats that modify this requires a standard move action. The same for holstering a weapon.

Drawing/Holstering a weapon provokes an attack of opportunity if the combatant is within an enemy melee threaten space.

Move a object

Moving any object requires strength. If a character has no strength they are unable to even move themselves. Strength can determine how much a character and left over there head,to there waste, and drag on the ground. It also tells how much weight a character can pack and carry during a journey/adventure and not become encumbered. The below tables explain both.

Moving any object starts out at 1/2 speed. If you wish to increase the speed you would have to take a full round action and it would only double it. Attacks of Opportunity apply the same way regular movement do except now Dexterity is removed from a players defense.

Open a door slowly

This is simply an example of other generic move actions that can be done. Most any action that will take move then a split second to preform is considered a move action while in combat. Remember that each turn is roughly 2 seconds of time.

Stand up from prone, sitting, or kneeling

Hitting the dirt or going prone is considered a free action as long as you are not in low or zero gravity. But the opposite is not. Getting up is a standard move action and can provoke and attack of opportunity if within a melee treated space.

Load a weapon

There are special feats that help with this but normally reloading a weapon is considered a move action and you will have your guard down so it also can provoke and attack of opportunity if again within a melee threaten space.

Attack Actions

This are the standard attack options.

Attack (melee weapon)

The Character preforms an attack with a melee weapon. The weapon would have to be drawn. And the character would have to hit a target that is within the melee threat range.

The Attack Roll is: d20 + Affinity Bonus + Strength Modifier

The Damage would be: Weapon Damage Dice Type (dX) + Strength Modifier

Attack (Combat Maneuver)

The Character preforms a Combat Maneuver. These are special types of Melee attacks that are more likely to cause a condition on another opponent then damage. There will be a section dedicated to Combat Maneuvers and there options. Some CMs also evolve movement such as the "Charge" attack. Those Combat Maneuvers require both the Attack and Move standard actions and thus if a Character does one of those CMs they can only preform a free action afterward.

The Attack Roll is the Character's CMO or: d20 + Affinity Bonus + Strength Modifier + Size Modifier

The Damage will be variable depending on the type of the Maneuver preform.

Attack (Range)

The Character preforms a ranged attack. Using a weapon such as a rail gun or particular laser. Or even a low tech weapon such as a bow and arrow/spear. The weapon should be drawn and ready. The Character will receive penalties for targeting opponents outside of the weapons predetermined range.

The Attack Roll is: d20 + Affinity Bonus + Dexterity Modifier

The Damage would be: Weapon Damage Dice Type (dX)

Range attacks can provoke Attacks of Opportunity is the combatant attacking with a ranged weapon is within a melee treated square of an enemy combatant and the shooter is not shooting the enemy combatant. In other words if there are two enemies in a room and the character decides to turn and fire at an opponent across the room while the other opponent is only 5-ft away from him that character provokes an attack of opportunity from the enemy he is standing next too.

Attack an Object

You can declare that you are attacking what appears to be an inanimate object. Such as a door or a wall. This attack can be a Melee/Combat Maneuver/Ranged. And attack of opportunity apply based on what type of attack you do. Items/Objects have Hardness ratings. Which are effectively there HP. In order to break the object a Character must bring the objects hardness below zero.

Full Round Actions

Combat Maneuvers

Some combat maneuvers are considered full round actions instead of simply an attack action. The list is: Charge, Overrun, Bull Rush.

Coup de grace

Pronounced "coo day grahs". The change to fully finish off an opponent. This is only possibly if the opponent is completely helpless and unable to move. Being knocked unconscious, having a strength of 0, or having a HP score of 0 or below. The character doing the Coup de Grace does not need to do an Attack roll they automatically hit and score a critical hit. If the defender survives the damage, (there HP doesn't go below the negative there Constitution Score) the opponent must make a Constitution save (DC 10 + damage dealt) or die.

A Coup de grace provokes attacks of opportunity.

Full Attack

If a combatant wants to take advantage of there "Extra Attacks" ability granted to characters at certain levels they must take a full round and will be unable to move, even 5-foot steps. The only other free action available to them is to Speak.

Sprint

Mentioned earlier in the "Movement" section this is considered a full round action is you move x3 your normal combat speed.

Withdraw

A tactical move that allows a character to carefully retreat from the melee threatened square of there opponent without provoking an attack of opportunity. However this does not make the person immune to all attacks of opportunity while moving. Only those from people that the character was already within there melee threatened space. If while in withdrawal the character moves through, into and then out of, the threatened space of another, they still can provoke attacks of opportunity from them.

Make a dying Character Stable

Characters can die once there health goes below negative their Constitution Score. So if their score is 16 then -16 or 16 points below 0 would me that character is dead. A field medic can do no more for the character. However if the Character is between 0 and 15 there is still hope. If a Character hits 0 they start to bleed out. Each turn they loose another point of health, not also counting other factors that could reduce health points as well. A character can attempt to stabilize a dying character. This requires a field medical kit and at least a single rank in the Treat Injury skill. If successful the character gains a single point of HP and any ill effects that may cause the person to instantly go back to 0 has been removed.

Total defense

Total defense is a representation of holding action and focusing on being aware of your surrounding and on your over all defense. The default stance of any no combatant NPC in a combat zone that may unwilling become a target getting in total defense increases a characters dexterity bonus by +4 associated with defense.

Combat Statistics

This section summarizes the fundamental combat statistics.

Attack Roll An attack roll represents a character’s attempts to strike an opponent on the character’s turn in a round. When a character makes an attack roll, he or she rolls 1d20 and adds his or her attack bonus. If the result equals or beats the target’s Defense, the character hits and deals damage. Many modifiers can affect the attack roll. A natural 1 (the d20 comes up 1) on the attack roll is always a miss. A natural 20 (the d20 comes up 20) is always a hit. A natural 20 is also always a threat—a possible critical hit. If the character is not proficient in the weapon he or she is attacking with (the character doesn’t have the appropriate Weapon Proficiency feat), that character takes a –4 penalty on the attack roll.

Attack Bonus A character’s attack bonus with a melee weapon is: Base attack bonus + Strength modifier + size modifier

With a ranged weapon, a character’s attack bonus is: Base attack bonus + Dexterity modifier + range penalty + size modifier

Strength Modifier Strength helps a character swing a weapon harder and faster, so a character’s Strength modifier applies to melee attack rolls.

Size Modifier Creature size categories are defined differently from the size categories for weapons and other objects. Since this size modifier applies to Defense against a melee weapon attack or a ranged weapon attack, two creatures of the same size strike each other normally, regardless of what size they actually are. Creature sizes are compatible with vehicle sizes.

Size (Example)	Size Modifier
Colossal (blue whale [90 ft. long])	–8
Gargantuan (gray whale [40 ft. long])	–4
Huge (elephant)	–2
Large (lion)	–1
Medium-size (human)	+0
Small (German shepherd)	+1
Tiny (housecat)	+2
Diminutive (rat)	+4
Fine (horsefly)	+8

Dexterity Modifier Dexterity measures coordination and steadiness, so a character’s Dexterity modifier applies when the character attacks with a ranged weapon.

Range Penalty The range penalty for a ranged weapon depends on what weapon the character is using and how far away the target is. All ranged weapons and thrown weapons have a range increment (see Table: Ranged Weapons and Table: Melee Weapons). Any attack from a distance of less than one range increment is not penalized for range. However, each full range increment causes a cumulative –2 penalty on the attack roll. A thrown weapon has a maximum range of five range increments. Ranged weapons that fire projectiles can shoot up to ten increments.

Damage

When a character hits with a weapon, he or she deals damage according to the type of weapon. Effects that modify weapon damage also apply to unarmed strikes and the natural physical attack forms of creatures. Damage is deducted from the target’s current hit points.

Minimum Weapon Damage If penalties to damage bring the damage result below 1, a hit still deals 1 point of damage.

Strength Bonus When a character hits with a melee weapon or thrown weapon, add his or her Strength modifier to the damage. Off-Hand Weapon: When a character deals damage with a weap­on in his or her off hand, add only half of the character’s Strength bonus. Wielding a Weapon Two-Handed: When a character deals damage with a weapon that he or she is wielding two-handed, add 1.5 times the character’s Strength bonus. However, the character doesn’t get this higher Strength bonus when using a light weapon two-handed; in such a case, only the character’s normal Strength bonus applies to the damage roll.

Multiplying Damage Sometimes damage is multiplied by some factor. Roll the damage (with all modifiers) multiple times and total the results. Bonus damage represented as extra dice is an exception. Do not multiply bonus damage dice when a character scores a critical hit.

Critical Hits When a character makes an attack roll and gets a natural 20 (the d20 shows 20), the character hits regardless of the target’s Defense, and the character has scored a threat of a critical hit. To find out if it is actually a critical hit, the character immediately makes another attack roll with all the same modifiers as the attack roll that scored the threat. If the second roll also results in a hit against the target’s Defense, the attack is a critical hit. (The second roll just needs to hit to confirm a critical hit; the character doesn’t need to roll a second 20.) If the second roll is a miss, then the attack just deals the damage of a regular hit. A critical hit multiplies the character’s damage. Unless otherwise specified, the multiplier is x2. (It is possible for some weapons to have higher multipliers, doing more damage on a critical hit.) Some weapons have expanded threat ranges, making a critical hit more likely. However, even with these weapons, only a 20 is an automatic hit. The Critical column on Table: Ranged Weapons and Table: Melee Weapons indicates the threat range for each weapon on the tables. Bonus damage represented as extra dice is not multiplied when a character scores a critical hit. Objects (including vehicles) and some types of creatures are immune to critical hits. A 20 is always a successful hit, but deals no extra damage against these targets.

Defense

A character’s Defense represents how hard it is for opponents to land a solid, damaging blow on the character. It’s the attack roll result that an opponent needs to achieve to hit the character. The average, unarmored civilian has a Defense of 10. A character’s Defense is equal to: 10 + Dexterity modifier + class bonus + equipment bonus + size modifier

Dexterity Modifier If a character’s Dexterity is high, he or she is particularly adept at dodging blows or gunfire. If a character’s Dexterity is low, he or she is particularly inept at it. Characters apply their Dexterity modifier to Defense. Sometimes a character can’t use his or her Dexterity bonus. If a character can’t react to a blow, that character can’t use his or her Dexterity bonus to Defense.

Class Bonus A character’s class and level grant the character an innate bonus to Defense. This bonus applies in all situations, even when the character is flat-footed or when the character would lose his or her Dexterity bonus for some other reason.

Equipment Bonus If a character wears armor, it provides a bonus to his or her Defense. This bonus represents the armor’s ability to protect the character from blows. Armor provides a minimum bonus to anyone who wears it, but a character who is proficient in the use of a certain type of armor receives a larger bonus to Defense. Sometimes a character can’t use his or her equipment bonus to Defense. If an attack will damage the character just by touching him or her, that character can’t add his or her equipment bonus (see Touch Attacks, below).

Size Modifier The bigger an opponent is, the easier it is to hit in combat. The smaller it is, the harder it is to hit. Since this same modifier applies to attack rolls a creature doesn’t have a hard time attacking another creature of the same size. Size modifiers are shown on Table: Size Modifiers. Other Modifiers Other factors can add to a character’s Defense. Feats: Some feats give a bonus to a character’s Defense. Natural Armor: Some creatures have natural armor, which usually consists of scales, fur, or layers of thick muscle. Dodge Bonuses: Some other Defense bonuses represent actively avoiding blows. These bonuses are called dodge bo­nus­es. Any situation that denies a character his or her Dexterity bonus also denies his or her dodge bonuses. Unlike most sorts of bonuses, dodge bonuses stack with each other. Magical Effects: Some campaigns may include magic. Some magical effects offer enhancement bonuses to armor (making it more effective) or deflection bonuses that ward off attacks.

Touch Attacks Some attacks disregard armor. In these cases, the attacker makes a touch attack roll (either a ranged touch attack roll or a melee touch attack roll). The attacker makes his or her attack roll as normal, but a character’s Defense does not include any equipment bonus or armor bonus. All other modifiers, such as class bonus, Dexterity modifier, and size modifier, apply normally.

Hit Points A character’s hit points tell how much punishment he or she can take before dropping. Hit points are based on the character’s class and level, and the character’s Constitution modifier applies. When a character’s hit point total drops to 0, he or she is disabled. When it drops to –1, he or she is dying. When it drops to –10, the character is dead.

Speed A character’s speed tells how far he or she can move in a move action. Humans normally move 30 feet, but some creatures move faster or slower. Wearing armor can slow a character down. A character normally moves as a move action, leaving an attack action to attack. The character can, however, use his or her attack action as a second move action. This could let the character move again, for a total movement of up to double his or her normal speed. Another option is to run all out (a full-round action). This lets the character move up to four times his or her normal speed, but a character can only run all out in a straight line, and doing so affects the character’s Defense (see Run).

Saving Throws Generally, when a character is subject to an unusual or magical attack, he or she gets a saving throw to avoid or reduce the effect. A saving throw is a 1d20 roll plus a bonus based on the character’s class and level (the character’s base save bonus) and an ability modifier. A natural 1 (the d20 comes up 1) on a saving throw is always a failure. A natural 20 (the d20 comes up 20) is always a success.

A character’s saving throw bonus is: Base save bonus + ability modifier The Difficulty Class for a save is determined by the attack itself.

Saving Throw Types The three different kinds of saving throws are:

• Fortitude: These saves measure a character’s ability to stand up to massive physical punishment or attacks against his or her vitality and health such as poison and paralysis. Apply a character’s Constitution modifier to his or her Fortitude saving throws.

• Reflex: These saves test a character’s ability to dodge massive attacks such as explosions or car wrecks. (Often, when damage is inevitable, a character gets to make a Reflex save to take only half damage.) Apply the character’s Dexterity modifier to his or her Reflex saving throws.

• Will: These saves reflect a character’s resistance to mental influence and domination as well as to many magical effects. Apply the character’s Wisdom modifier to his or her Will saving throws.

Initiative

Every round, each combatant gets to do something. The combatants’ initiative checks, from highest to lowest, determine the order in which they act, from first to last.

Initiative Checks At the start of a battle, each combatant makes a single initiative check. An initiative check is a Dexterity check. Each character applies his or her Dexterity modifier to the roll, and anyone with the Improved Initiative feat gets an additional +4 bonus on the check. The GM finds out what order characters are acting in, counting down from highest result to lowest, and each character acts in turn. On all following rounds, the characters act in the same order (unless a character takes an action that results in his or her initiative changing; see Special Initiative Actions). If two or more combatants have the same initiative check result, the combatants who are tied go in order of total initiative modifier (including Dexterity modifier and Improved Initiative bonus, if applicable). If there is still a tie, roll a die. Flat-Footed: At the start of a battle, before the character has had a chance to act (specifically, before the character’s first turn in the initiative order), the character is flat-footed. A character can’t use his or her Dexterity bonus to Defense or make attacks of opportunity while flat-footed.

Joining a Battle If characters enter a battle after it has begun, they roll initiative at that time and act whenever their turn comes up in the existing order.

Surprise When a combat starts, if a character was not aware of his or her enemies and they were aware of the character, that character is surprised. Likewise, a character can surprise his or her enemies if the character knows about them before they’re aware of the character.

The Surprise Round If some but not all of the combatants are aware of their opponents, a surprise round happens before regular rounds begin. The combatants who are aware of the opponents can act in the surprise round, so they roll for initiative. In initiative order (highest to lowest), combatants who started the battle aware of their opponents each take an attack action or move action during the surprise round (see Action Types, below). If no one or everyone is surprised, a surprise round does not occur.

Unaware Combatants Combatants who are unaware at the start of battle do not get to act in the surprise round. Unaware combatants are still flat-footed because they have not acted yet. Because of this, they lose any Dexterity bonus to Defense.

Actions in Combat

The fundamental actions of moving and attacking cover most of what a character wants to do in a battle. They’re described here. Other, more specialized options are touched on in Table: Actions in Combat, and covered in Special Initiative Actions and Special Attacks.

The Combat Round Each round represents about 6 seconds in the game world. A round is an opportunity for each character involved in a combat to take an action. Anything a person could reasonably do in 6 seconds, a character can do in 1 round. Each round’s activity begins with the character with the highest initiative result and then proceeds, in order, from there. Each round of a combat uses the same initiative order. When a character’s turn comes up in the initiative sequence, that character performs his or her entire round’s worth of actions. (For exceptions, see Attacks of Opportunity and Special Initiative Actions.) For almost all purposes, there is no relevance to the end of a round or the beginning of a round. A round can be a segment of game time starting with the first character to act and ending with the last, but it usually means a span of time from a certain round to the same initiative number in the next round. Effects that last a certain number of rounds end just before the same initiative count that they began on.

Attack Actions	Attack of Opportunity
Attack (melee)	No
Attack (ranged)	Yes
Attack (unarmed)	Yes
Attack (aid another)	No
Bull rush (attack)	No
Escape a grapple	No
Feint (see the Bluff skill)	No
Ready (triggers an attack action)	No
Make a dying character stable	Yes
Attack a weapon	Yes
Attack an object	Maybe
Total defense	No
Use a skill that takes an attack action	Usually
Start/complete full-round action	Varies

Move Actions	Attack of Opportunity1
Move your speed	Yes
Use a piece of equipment	No
Climb (one-quarter speed)	No
Climb, accelerated (one-half speed)	No
Crawl	No
Draw a weapon	No
Holster a weapon	Yes
Move a heavy object	Yes
Open a door	No
Pick up an object	Yes
Reload a firearm with a box magazine or speed loader	Yes
Retrieve a stored object	Yes
Stand up from prone, sitting, or kneeling	Yes
Swim	No
Use a skill that takes a move action	Usually

Full-Round Actions	Attack of Opportunity
Bull rush (charge)	No
Charge	No
Coup de grace	Yes
Full attack	No
Overrun (charge)	No
Run	Yes
Withdraw	No
Extinguish flames	No
Use a skill that takes a full round	Usually
Reload a firearm with an internal magazine	Yes

Free Actions	Attack of Opportunity
Drop an object	No
Drop to prone, sitting, or kneeling	No
Speak	No

Action Type Varies	Attack of Opportunity
Disarm	Yes
Grapple	Yes
Load a weapon	Yes
Trip an opponent	No (Yes if unarmed)
Use a feat	Varies

No Action	Attack of Opportunity
Delay	No
5-foot step	No

Exceptions: Attack of Opportunity: Regardless of the action, if a character moves out of a threatened square, the character usually provokes an attack of opportunity. This column indicates whether the action itself, not moving, provokes an attack of opportunity. Maybe: If the object is being held, carried, or worn by a creature, yes. If not, no. Draw a weapon: If the character has a base attack bonus of +1 or higher, he or she can combine this action with a regular move. If the character has the Two-Weapon Fighting feat, he or she can draw two light or one-handed weapons in the time it would normally take to draw one. Disarm,Grapple,Trip an Opponent: These attack forms substitute for a melee attack, not an action. As melee attacks, they can be used once in an attack or charge action, one or more times in a full attack action, or even as an attack of opportunity. Use a feat: The description of a feat defines its effect.

Action Types

The four types of actions are attack actions, move actions, full-round actions, and free actions. In a normal round, a character can perform an attack action and a move action (or two move actions; a character can always take a move action in place of an attack action), or a character can perform a full-round action. A character can also perform as many free actions as the GM allows. In some situations (such as in the surprise round) a character may be limited to taking only a single attack or move action.

Attack Action An attack action allows a character to do something. A character can make an attack, use a skill or a feat (unless the skill or feat requires a full-round action to perform; see below), or perform other similar actions. During a combat round, a character can take an attack action and a move action. A character can take a move action before or after performing an attack action.

Move Action A move action allows a character to move his or her speed or perform an action that takes a similar amount of time. A character can move his or her speed, climb one-quarter of his or her speed, draw or stow a weapon or other object, stand up, pick up an object, or perform some equivalent action (see Table: Actions in Combat). A character can take a move action in the place of an attack action. If a character moves no actual distance in a round, that character can take one 5-foot step before, during, or after the action.

Full-Round Action A full-round action consumes all a character’s effort during a round. The only movement the character can take during a full-round action is a 5-foot step before, during, or after the action. Some full-round actions do not allow a character to take a 5-foot step. A character can also per­form free actions (see below) as the GM allows.

Free Action Free actions consume a very small amount of time and effort, and over the span of the round, their impact is so minor that they are considered free. A character can perform one or more free actions while taking another action normally. However, the GM puts reasonable limits on what a character can really do for free. For instance, dropping an object, dropping to a prone position, speaking a sentence or two, and ceasing to concentrate on a magic spell (if magic is available in the campaign) are all free actions.

Attack Actions Most common attack actions are described below. More specialized attack actions are mentioned in Table: Actions in Combat, and covered in Special Attacks.

Melee Attacks With a normal melee weapon, a character can strike any enemy within 5 feet. (Enemies within 5 feet are considered adjacent to the character.) A character capable of making more than one melee attack per round must use the full attack action (see Full-Round Actions, below) in order to make more than one attack. Fighting Defensively: A character can choose to fight defensively while making a melee attack. If the character does so, he or she takes a –4 penalty on his or her attack in a round to gain a +2 dodge bonus to Defense in the same round.

Unarmed Attacks Striking for damage with punches, kicks, and head butts is much like attacking with a melee weapon, except that an unarmed attack deals nonlethal damage. Unarmed strikes count as light melee weapons (for purposes of two-weapon attack penalties and so on). The following exceptions to normal melee rules apply to unarmed attacks. Attacks of Opportunity: Making an unarmed attack against an armed opponent provokes an attack of opportunity from the character attacked. The attack of opportunity comes before the character’s attack. An unarmed attack does not provoke attacks of opportunity from other foes, nor does it provoke an attack of opportunity from an unarmed foe. “Armed” Unarmed Attacks: Sometimes a character or creature attacks unarmed but the attack still counts as armed. A creature with claws, fangs, and similar natural physical weapons, for example, counts as armed. Being armed counts for both offense and defense—not only does a creature not provoke an attack of opportunity when attacking an armed foe, but a character provokes an attack of opportunity from that creature if the character makes an unarmed attack against it. The Combat Martial Arts feat makes a character’s unarmed attacks count as armed. Unarmed Strike Damage: An unarmed strike from a Medium-size character deals 1d3 points (plus the character’s Strength modifier, as normal) of nonlethal damage. A character can specify that his or her unarmed strike will deal lethal damage before the character makes his or her attack roll, but the character takes a –4 penalty on the attack roll because he or she has to strike a particularly vulnerable spot to deal lethal damage.

Ranged Attacks With a ranged weapon, a character can shoot or throw at any target that is within the ranged weapon’s maximum range and in line of sight. A target is in line of sight if there are no solid obstructions between the character and the target. The maximum range for a thrown weapon is five range increments. For weapons that fire projectiles, it is ten range increments. A character capable of making more than one ranged attack per round must use the full attack action (see Full-Round Actions, below) in order to make more than one attack. Shooting or Throwing into a Melee: If a character shoots or throws a ranged weapon at a target that is engaged in melee with an ally, the character takes a –4 penalty on his or her attack roll be­cause the character has to aim carefully to avoid hitting the ally. Two characters are engaged in melee if they are enemies and they are adjacent to one another. (An unconscious or otherwise immobilized character is not considered engaged unless he or she is actually being attacked.) If the target is so big that part of it is 10 feet or farther from the nearest ally, the character can avoid the –4 penalty, even if it’s engaged in melee with an ally. Because of the weapon’s unwieldy shape and size, an attacker using a longarm takes a –4 penalty on attacks against adjacent opponents. Fighting Defensively: A character can choose to fight defensively while making a ranged attack. If the character does so, he or she takes a –4 penalty on his or her attack in a round to gain a +2 dodge bonus to Defense in the same round.

Total Defense Instead of attacking, a character can use his or her attack action simply to defend. This is called a total defense action. The character doesn’t get to attack or perform any other activity, but does get a +4 dodge bonus to his or her Defense for 1 round. The character’s Defense improves at the start of this action, so it helps against any attacks of opportunity the character is subject to while performing his or her move action.

Start/Complete Full-Round Action The “start/complete full-round action” attack action lets a character start undertaking a full-round action (such as those listed on Table: Actions in Combat) at the end of his or her turn, or complete a full-round action by using an attack action at the beginning of his or her turn in the round following the round when the character started the full-round action. If the character starts a full-round action at the end of his or her turn, the next action that character takes must be to complete the full-round action. Start/complete full-round action cannot be used with a full attack, charge, run, or withdraw action.

Move Actions With the exception of specific movement-related skills, most move actions don’t require a check. In some cases, ability checks might be required.

Movement The simplest move action is moving the character’s speed. If a character takes this kind of move action during his or her turn, the character cannot also take a 5-foot step. Many nonstandard modes of movement are also covered under this category, including climbing and swimming (up to one-quarter the character’s speed), crawling (up to 5 feet), and entering a vehicle. Manipulating Objects In most cases, moving or manipulating an object is a move action. This includes drawing or holstering a weapon, retrieving or putting away a stored object, picking up an object, moving a heavy object, and opening a door. If the character has a base attack bonus of +1 or higher, he or she can draw a weapon as part of his or her normal movement.

Standing Up Standing up from a prone position requires a move action. It provokes an attack of opportunity from opponents who threaten the character.

Full-Round Actions A full-round action requires an entire round to complete. If it doesn’t involve moving any distance, a character can combine it with a 5-foot step.

Charge Charging is a special full-round action that allows a character to move more than his or her speed and attack during the action. However, there are tight restrictions on how and when a character can charge. Movement during a Charge: The character must move before his or her attack, not after. The character must move at least 10 feet and may move up to twice his or her speed. All movement must be in a straight line, with no backing up allowed. The character must stop as soon as he or she is within striking range of his or her target (the character can’t run past the target and attack from another direction). A character can’t take a 5-foot step during the same round as a full charge. During the surprise round (or any other time a character is limited to taking no more than a single attack action on his or her turn) the character can still use the charge action, but he or she is only allowed to move up to his or her speed (instead of up to twice his or her speed). Attacking after a Charge: After moving, the character may make a single melee attack. The character gets a +2 bonus on the attack roll. The character also takes a –2 penalty to his or her Defense for 1 round (until the beginning of the character’s turn in the following round). Even if the character has extra attacks, such as from having a high enough base attack bonus or from using multiple weapons, a character only gets to make one attack after a charge. Instead of attacking the target, a character can attempt to push the target back. See Bull Rush.

Full Attack If a character gets more than one attack per action because his or her base attack bonus is high enough, because he or she fights with two weapons, because he or she is using a double weapon, or for some special reason, the character must use the full attack action to get his or her additional attacks. The character does not need to specify the targets of his or her attacks ahead of time. The character can see how the earlier attacks turn out before assigning the later ones. Full attack is a full-round action. Because of this, the only movement a character can take during a full attack is a 5-foot step. The character may take the step before, after, or between the attacks. If a character gets multiple attacks based on his or her base attack bonus, the character must make the attacks in order from highest bonus to lowest. If the character is using two weapons, the character can strike with either weapon first. If the character is using a double wea­pon, the character can strike with either part of the weapon first. Committing to a Full Attack Action: A character doesn’t have to commit to a full attack until after the first attack. The character can then decide whether to make his or her remaining attacks or to take a move action. Of course, if the character has already taken a 5-foot step, he or she can’t use his or her move action to move any distance, but the character could still draw or put away a weapon, for instance (see Move Actions, above). Fighting Defensively: A character can choose to fight defensively when taking a full attack action. If the character does so, he or she takes a –4 penalty on all attacks in a round to gain a +2 dodge bonus to Defense in the same round. Attacking with Two Weapons: If the character wields a second weapon in his or her off hand, the character can get one extra attack per round with that weapon. Fighting in this way is very difficult, how­ever—the character takes a –6 penalty on the regular attack or attacks with his or her primary hand and a –10 penalty on the attack with his or her off hand. A character can reduce these penalties in two ways.

1. If the off-hand weapon is light, the penalties are reduced by 2 each. (An unarmed strike is always considered light.)

2. The Two-Weapon Fighting feat lessens the primary hand penalty by 2, and the off-hand penalty by 6. Table: Two-Weapon Fighting Penalties summarizes the interaction of all these factors. Double Weapons: A character can use a double weapon to make an extra attack as if he or she were fighting with two weapons. The penalties apply as if the off-hand weapon were light.

Table: Two-Weapon Fighting Penalties Circumstances Primary Hand Off Hand Normal penalties –6 –10 Off-hand weapon is light –4 –8 Two-Weapon Fighting feat –4 –4 Off-hand weapon is light and Two-Weapon Fighting feat –2 –2

Run A character can run all out as a full-round action. When a character runs, he or she can move up to four times his or her speed in a straight line. (The character does not get a 5-foot step.) The character loses any Dexterity bonus to Defense since he or she can’t avoid attacks. However, the character gets a +2 bonus to Defense against ranged attacks while running. A character can run for a number of rounds equal to his or her Constitution score, but after that the character must succeed at a Constitution check (DC 10) to continue running. The character must check again each round in which he or she continues to run, and the DC of this check increases by 1 for each check the character makes. When the character fails this check, he or she must stop running. A character who has run to his or her limit must rest for 1 minute (10 rounds) before running again. During a rest period, a character can move normally, but can’t run. A run represents a speed of about 14 miles per hour for an unencumbered human.

Withdraw Withdrawing from melee combat is a full-round action. When a character withdraws, he or she can move up to twice his or her speed. (The character doesn’t also get a 5-foot step.) The square the character starts from is not considered threatened for purposes of withdrawing, and therefore enemies do not get attacks of opportunity against the character when he or she move from that square. If while withdrawing, the character moves through another threatened square (other than the one started in) without stopping, enemies get attacks of opportunity as normal. Some forms of movement (such as climbing and swimming) require skill checks from most creatures. A character may not withdraw using a form of movement for which that character must make a skill check.

Miscellaneous Actions Some actions don’t fit neatly into the above categories. Some of the options described below are actions that take the place of or are variations on the actions described earlier. For actions not covered in any of this material, the GM determines how long such an action takes to perform and whether doing so provokes attacks of opportunity from threatening enemies.

Use Feat, Skill, or Talent Certain feats, let a character take special actions in combat. Other feats are not actions in themselves, but they give a character a bonus when attempting something he or she can already do. Some feats aren’t meant to be used within the framework of combat. The individual feat descriptions tell a character what he or she needs to know about them. Most uses of skills or talents in a combat situation are attack actions, but some might be move actions or full-round actions. When appropriate, the description of a talent or a skill provides the time required to use it.

Attacks of Opportunity

The melee combat rules assume that combatants are actively avoiding attacks. A player doesn’t have to declare anything special for his or her character to be on the defensive. Sometimes, however, a combatant in a melee lets his or her guard down, and doesn’t maintain a defensive posture as usual. In this case, combatants near him or her can take advantage of this lapse in defense to attack for free. These attacks are called attacks of opportunity.

Weapon Type A character can use a melee weapon to make attacks of opportunity whenever the conditions for such an attack are met (see Provoking an Attack of Opportunity, below). In addition, a character can make attacks of opportunity with unarmed attacks if the character’s unarmed attacks count as armed (see “Armed” Unarmed Attacks).

Threatened Squares A character threatens the squares into which he or she can make a melee attack, even when it is not the character’s action. Generally, that’s all squares adjacent to the character’s position. An enemy that takes certain actions while in a threatened square provokes an attack of opportunity from the character. A character can only make attacks of opportunity with melee weapons, never with ranged weapons.

Provoking an Attack of Opportunity Two actions can provoke attacks of opportunity: moving out of a threatened square, and performing an action within a threatened square that distracts from defending and lets the character’s guard down. Moving out of a Threatened Square: When a character moves out of a threatened square, that character generally provokes an attack of opportunity. There are two important exceptions, however. A character doesn’t provoke an attack of opportunity if all he or she moves is a 5-foot step, or if the character withdraws. If the character doesn’t start in a threatened square, but moves into one, the character has to stop there, or else he or she provokes an attack of opportunity as he or she leaves that square. Performing an Action that Distracts the Character: Some actions, when performed in a threatened square, provoke attacks of opportunity because they make a character divert his or her attention from the fight at hand. Using a ranged weapon, in particular, provokes attacks of opportunity. Table: Actions in Combat notes many additional actions that provoke attacks of opportunity.

Making an Attack of Opportunity An attack of opportunity is a single melee attack, and a character can only make one per round. A character does not have to make an attack of opportunity if he or she doesn’t want to. An experienced character gets additional regular melee attacks (by using the full attack action), but at a lower attack bonus. A character makes his or her attack of opportunity, however, at his or her normal attack bonus—even if the character has already attacked in this round.

Movement and Position When using a grid to represent character’s movement, the standard scale equates 1 inch (or a 1 inch square) to 5 feet in the game world.

Standard Scale One inch (or one square) = 5 feet “Next to” or “adjacent” = 1 inch (5 feet) away (or in adjacent square) 30mm figure = A human-size creature A human-size creature occupies an area 1 inch (5 feet) across (or one square) One round = 6 seconds

Tactical Movement Where can a character move, how long it takes to get there, and whether he or she is vulnerable to attacks of opportunity while moving are key questions in combat.

How Far Can a Character Move? Humans normally move 30 feet, although armor can slow a character down. Some creatures move faster or slower. A character’s speed when unarmored is sometimes called base speed. Encumbrance: A character encumbered by carrying a large amount of gear or a fallen comrade may move slower than normal. Movement in Combat: Generally, a character can move his or her speed as a move action. If a character uses his or her attack action as a move action, the character can move again (for a total movement of up to twice the character’s normal speed). If the character spends the entire round to run all out, he or she can move up to four times his or her normal speed. If a character does something that requires a full round, he or she can only take a 5-foot step. Movement in Darkness: If a character moves when he or she can’t see, such as in total darkness, his or her speed is limited to one-half normal. The Blind-Fight feat reduces this penalty.

Passing Through Sometimes a character can pass through an area occupied by another character or creature. Friendly Character: A character can move through a square occupied by a friendly character. Unfriendly Character: There are two ways to move through a square occupied by a resisting enemy. The character can attempt an overrun. Or the character can attempt to tumble through a square occupied by an enemy (if the character has ranks in the Tumble skill; see the skill description). A character can move through a square occupied by an unfriendly character who doesn’t resist as if the character was friendly. Square Occupied by Creature Three Sizes Larger or Smaller: Any creature can move through a square occupied by a creature three size categories larger or three categories smaller than it is.

Flanking If a character is making a melee attack against an opponent, and an ally directly opposite the character is threatening the opponent, the character and his or her ally flank the opponent. The character gains a +2 bonus on his or her attack roll. The ally must be on the other side of the opponent so that the opponent is directly between the character and the ally. A character doesn’t gain a bonus for flanking when making a ranged attack.

Combat Modifiers

This section covers offensive and defensive modifiers provided by position.

Favorable and Unfavorable Conditions Generally speaking, any situational modifier created by the attacker’s position or tactics applies to the attack roll, while any situational modifier created by the defender’s position, state, or tactics applies to the defender’s Defense. The GM judges what bonuses and penalties apply, using Table: Defense Modifiers and Table: Attack Roll Modifiers as guides.

Table: Defense Modifiers

Circumstance Melee Ranged Defender sitting or kneeling –2 +21 Defender prone –4 +41 Defender stunned or cowering –22 –22 Defender climbing –22 –22 Defender flat-footed +02 +02 Defender running +02 +22 Defender grappling (attacker not) +02 +03 Defender pinned –44 +04 Defender helpless (such as paralyzed, sleeping, or bound) +02 +02 Defender has cover —–— See Cover —–— Defender concealed or invisible — See Concealment — 1 Does not apply if target is adjacent to attacker. This circumstance may instead improve bonus to Defense granted by cover. See Cover, below. 2 The defender loses any Dexterity bonus to Defense. 3 Roll randomly to see which grappling combatant the character strikes. That defender loses any Dexterity bonus to Defense. 4 Treat the defender’s Dexterity as 0 (–5 modifier).

Table: Attack Roll Modifiers Circumstance Melee Ranged Attacker flanking defender1 +2 — Attacker on higher ground +1 +0 Attacker prone –4 –2 Attacker invisible +23 +23 1 A character flanks a defender when he or she has an ally on the opposite side of the defender threatening the defender. 2 Some ranged weapons can’t be used while the attacker is prone. 3 The defender loses any Dexterity bonus to Defense.

Cover

Cover provides a bonus to Defense. The more cover a character has, the bigger the bonus. In a melee, if a character has cover against an opponent, that opponent probably has cover against the character, too. With ranged weapons, however, it’s easy to have better cover than the opponent. The GM may impose other penalties or restrictions on attacks depending on the details of the cover.

Degree of Cover Cover is assessed in subjective measurements of how much protection it offers. The GM determines the value of cover. This measure is not a strict mathematical calculation, because a character gains more value from covering the parts of his or her body that are more likely to be struck. If the bottom half of a character’s body is covered, that only gives one-quarter cover, because most vital areas are still fully exposed. If one side or the other of a character’s body is covered, the character gets one-half cover.

Cover Defense Bonus Table: Cover gives the Defense bonuses for different degrees of cover. Add the relevant number to the character’s Defense. This cover bonus overlaps (does not stack) with certain other bonuses.

Cover Reflex Save Bonus Table: Cover gives the Reflex save bonuses for different degrees of cover. Add this bonus to Reflex saves against attacks that affect an area. This bonus only applies to attacks that originate or burst out from a point on the other side of the cover.

Striking the Cover Instead of a Missed Target If it ever becomes important to know whether the cover was actually struck by an incoming attack that misses the intended target, the GM should determine if the attack roll would have hit the protected target without the cover. If the attack roll falls within a range low enough to miss the target with cover but high enough to strike the target if there had been no cover, the object used for cover was struck. This can be particularly important to know in cases when a character uses another character as cover. In such a case, if the cover is struck and the attack roll exceeds the Defense of the covering character, the covering character takes the damage intended for the target. If the covering character has a Dex­terity bonus to Defense or a dodge bonus, and this bonus keeps the covering character from being hit, then the original target is hit in­stead. The covering character has dodged out of the way and didn’t provide cover after all. A covering character can choose not to apply his or her Dexterity bonus to Defense and/or his or her dodge bonus, if the character so desires.

Table: Cover Degree of Cover (Example) Cover Bonus to Defense Reflex Saves One-quarter (standing behind a 3-ft. high wall) +2 +1 One-half (fighting from around a corner or a tree; standing at an open window; behind a creature of same size) +4 +2 Three-quarters (peering around a corner or a big tree) +7 +3 Nine-tenths (standing at an arrow slit; behind a door that’s slightly ajar) +10 +4 1 Total (on the other side of a solid wall) — — 1 Half damage if save is failed; no damage if successful.

Concealment

Concealment includes all circumstances in which nothing physically blocks a blow or shot, but something interferes with an attacker’s accuracy.

Degree of Concealment Concealment is subjectively measured as to how well concealed the defender is. Examples of what might qualify as concealment of various degrees are given in Table: Concealment. Concealment always depends on the point of view of the attacker.

Concealment Miss Chance Concealment gives the subject of a successful attack a chance that the attacker missed because of the concealment. If the attacker hits, the defender must make a miss chance percentile roll to avoid being struck. (Actually, it doesn’t matter who makes the roll or whether it’s rolled before or after the attack roll. When multiple concealment conditions apply to a defender, use the one that would produce the highest miss chance. Do not add the miss chances together.

Table: Concealment Concealment (Example) Miss Chance One-quarter (light fog; light foliage) 10% One-half (shadows; dense fog at 5 ft.) 20% Three-quarters (dense foliage) 30% Nine-tenths (near total darkness) 40% Total (attacker blind; total darkness; smoke grenade; dense fog at 10 ft.) 50% and must guess target’s location

Helpless Defenders

A helpless foe—one who is bound, sleeping, unconscious, or otherwise at the attacker’s mercy—is an easy target. A character can sometimes approach a target who is unaware of his or her presence, get adjacent to the target, and treat him or her as helpless. If the target is in combat or some other tense situation, and therefore in a state of acute awareness and readiness, or if the target can use his or her Dexterity bonus to Defense, then that target can’t be considered unaware. Further, any reasonable precaution taken by a target, including stationing bodyguards, placing his or her back to a wall, or being able to make Spot checks, also precludes catching that target unaware and helpless.

Regular Attack A helpless defender has an effective Defense of 5 + his or her size modifier. If a character is attacking with a ranged weapon and is not adjacent to the target, the character can use a full-round action to make the attack, and gain a +5 bonus on the attack roll. If the character is attacking with a melee weapon, or with a ranged weapon from an adjacent square, the character can use a full-round action to deliver a coup de grace.

Coup de Grace As a full-round action, a character can use a melee weapon to deliver a coup de grace to a helpless foe. A character can also use a ranged weapon, pro­vided the character is adjacent to the target. The character automatically hits and score a critical hit. If the defender survives the damage, he or she still must make a Fortitude save (DC 10 + damage dealt) or die. Delivering a coup de grace provokes attacks of opportunity from threatening foes because it involves focused concentration and methodical action. A character can’t deliver a coup de grace against a creature that is immune to critical hits.

Knockout Blow As a full-round action, a character can make an unarmed attack or use a melee weapon that deals nonlethal damage to deliver a knockout blow to a helpless foe. A character can also use a melee weapon that deals lethal damage, but the character takes a –4 penalty on any attempt to deal nonlethal damage with the weapon. The target has an effective Defense of 5 + his or her size modifier. If the character hits, he or she automatically scores a critical hit (see Nonlethal Damage). Delivering a knockout blow provokes attacks of opportunity from threatening foes because it involves focused concentration and methodical action. A character can’t deliver a knockout blow against a creature that is immune to critical hits.

Special Initiative Actions

Usually a character acts as soon as he or she can in combat, but sometimes a character wants to act later, at a better time, or in response to the actions of someone else.

Delay By choosing to delay, the character takes no action and then acts normally at whatever point in the initiative count the character decides to act. When a character delays, he or she voluntarily reduces his or her own initiative result for the rest of the combat. When the character’s new, lower initiative count comes up later in the same round, the character can act normally. The character can specify this new initiative result or just wait until some time later in the round and act then, thus fixing the character’s new initiative count at that point. A character cannot interrupt anyone’s action with a delayed action (as a character can with a readied action; see below).

Delaying Limits The longest a character can delay before taking an action is until after everyone else has acted in the round. At that point, the delaying character must act or else forfeit any action in that round. If multiple characters are delaying, the one with the highest initiative modifier (or highest Dexterity, in case of a tie) has the advantage. If two or more delaying characters both want to act on the same initiative count, the one with the highest initiative modifier gets to go first. If two or more delaying characters are trying to go after one another, the one with the highest initiative modifier gets to go last; the others must go first or lose their action for the round. If a character loses an action due to delaying, he or she may act on any count on the next turn. Again, the character cannot interrupt an action.

Ready The ready action lets a character prepare to take an action later, to interrupt another character. Essentially, the character splits his or her action, taking the move action on the character’s initiative count and the attack action at a later point. On the character’s turn, he or she prepares to take an action later, if a specific trigger is met. Then, later in the round, if the readied action is triggered, the character takes it, acting before the triggering action. Readying does not provoke an attack of opportunity. (The character’s move action, and the attack action he or she readies, may both provoke attacks of opportunity normally.)

Readying an Action A character can ready an attack action or a move action. To do so, the character specifies the action he or she will take and the conditions under which the character will take it. Then, any time before the character’s next action, the character may take the readied attack action in response to those conditions. The readied action occurs just before the event that triggers it. If the trigger is part of another character’s actions, the readied action interrupts the other character. The other character continues his or her actions once the readied action is completed. The character’s initiative count changes. For the rest of the encounter, it is the count on which the character took the readied action, and the character acts immediately ahead of the character whose action triggered the readied action. A character can take a 5-foot step as part of his or her readied action, but only if the character didn’t otherwise move any distance during the round. If the character comes to his or her next action and has not yet performed the readied action, the character doesn’t get to take the readied action (though the character can ready the same action again). If the character takes his or her readied action in the next round, before his or her regular turn comes up, the character’s initiative count rises to that new point in the order of battle, and he or she does not get your regular action that round.

Special Attacks

This section covers firearms, grappling, explosives, attacking objects, and an assortment of other special attacks.

Aid Another In combat, a character can help a friend attack or defend by distracting or interfering with an opponent. If the character is in position to attack an opponent with which a friend of the character is engaged in melee combat, the character can attempt to aid the friend as an attack action. The character makes an attack roll against Defense 10. If the character succeeds, he or she doesn’t actually damage the opponent—but the character’s friend gains either a +2 circumstance bonus against that opponent or a +2 circumstance bonus to Defense against that opponent (aiding character’s choice) on the friend’s next turn.

Firearms The most basic form of attack with a firearm is a single shot. One attack is one pull of the trigger and fires one bullet at one target. The Personal Firearms Proficiency feat allows a character to make this sort of attack without penalty. If a character isn’t proficient in personal firearms, he or she takes a –4 penalty on attacks with that type of weapon. A number of other feats allow a character to deal extra damage when he or she fires more than one bullet as part of a single attack at a single target. (If a character doesn’t have those feats, he or she can still fire more than one bullet—but the extra bullets don’t have any effect, and are just wasted ammunition.) As with all forms of ranged weapons, attacking with a firearm while within a threatened square provokes an attack of opportunity. Because of the weapon’s unwieldy shape and size, an attacker using a longarm takes a –4 penalty on attacks against adjacent opponents.

Autofire If a ranged weapon has an automatic rate of fire, a character may set it on autofire. Autofire affects an area and everyone in it, not a specific creature. The character targets a 10-foot-by-10-foot area and makes an attack roll; the targeted area has an effective Defense of 10. (If the character does not have the Advanced Firearms Proficiency feat, he or she takes a –4 penalty on the attack roll.) If the attack succeeds, every creature within the affected area must make a Reflex save (DC 15) or take the weapon’s damage. Autofire shoots 10 bullets, and can only be used if the weapon has 10 bullets in it. Autofire is not the same thing as burst fire, which involves firing a short burst at a specific target. Firing a burst requires the Burst Fire feat. If a character fires a blast of automatic fire at a specific target without the Burst Fire feat, it’s treated as a standard attack. The attack, if successful, only deals normal damage—all the extra ammunition the character fired is wasted. Some firearms—particularly machine guns—only have autofire settings and can’t normally fire single shots.

Grenades and Explosives

An explosive is a weapon that, when detonated, affects all creatures and objects within its burst radius by means of shrapnel, heat, or massive concussion. Its effect is broad enough that it can hurt characters just by going off close to them. Some explosives, such as grenades, can be thrown, and they explode when they land. Others are planted, with fuses or timers, and go off after a preset amount of time elapses.

Thrown Explosives An attack with a thrown explosive is a ranged attack made against a specific 5-foot square. (A character can target a square occupied by a creature.) Throwing the explosive is an attack action. If the square is within one range increment, you do not need to make an attack roll. Roll 1d4 and consult the table to see which corner of the square the explosive bounces to.

Thrown Explosives (hit) Roll on d4 Corner of targeted square 1 Upper Left 2 Upper Right 3 Lower Right 4 Lower Left

If the target square is more than one range increment away, make an attack roll. The square has an effective Defense of 10. Thrown weapons require no weapon proficiency, so a character doesn’t take the –4 nonproficient penalty. If the attack succeeds, the grenade or explosive lands in the targeted square. Roll 1d4 and consult the table above to see which corner of the square the explosive bounces to. If the character misses the target, the explosive lands at a corner of a square nearby in a random direction. Consult the tables below to determine where the explosive lands. If the weapon was thrown two to three range increments (11 to 30 feet), roll 1d8. Thrown Explosive (Miss 2 to 3 Range Increments) Roll on d8 Location Struck 1 upper right corner, one square beyond target 2 upper right corner, one square right of target 3 lower right corner, one square right of target 4 lower right corner, one square short of target 5 lower left corner, one square short of target 6 lower left corner, one square left of target 7 upper left corner, one square left of target 8 upper left corner, one square beyond target

For ranges of up to five range increments (31 to 50 feet), roll 1d12. Thrown Explosives (Miss 4 to5 Range Increments) Roll on d12 Location Struck 1 upper right corner, two squares beyond target 2 upper right corner, one square beyond and right of target 3 upper right corner, two squares right of target 4 lower right corner, two squares right of target 5 lower right corner, one square short and right of target 6 lower right corner, two squares short of target 7 lower left corner, two squares short of target 8 lower left corner, one square short and left of target 9 lower left corner, two squares left of target 10 upper left corner, two squares left of target 11 upper left corner, one square beyond and left of target 12 upper left corner, two squares beyond target

After determining where the explosive landed, it deals its damage to all targets within the burst radius of the weapon. The targets may make Reflex saves (DC varies according to the explosive type) for half damage.

Planted Explosives A planted explosive is set in place, with a timer or fuse determining when it goes off. No attack roll is necessary to plant an explosive; the explosive sits where it is placed until it is moved or goes off. When a planted explosive detonates, it deals its damage to all targets within the burst radius of the weapon. The targets may make Reflex saves (DC varies according to the explosive type) for half damage.

Splash Weapons A splash weapon is a ranged weapon that breaks apart on impact, splashing or scattering its contents over its target and nearby creatures or objects. Most splash weapons consist of liquids in breakable containers. To attack with a splash weapon, make a ranged touch attack against the target. Thrown weapons require no weapon proficiency, so characters don’t take the –4 nonproficient penalty. A hit deals direct hit damage to the target and splash damage to all other creatures within 5 feet of the target. A character can instead target a specific 5-foot square, including a square occupied by a creature. Use the rules for thrown explosives. However, if a character targets a square, creatures within 5 feet are dealt the splash damage, and the direct hit damage is not dealt to any creature. If the character misses the target (whether aiming at a creature or a square), check to see where the weapon lands, using the rules for thrown explosives. After determining where the object landed, it deals splash damage to all creatures within 5 feet.

Attack an Object Sometimes a character needs to attack or break an object

Strike an Object Objects are easier to hit than characters because they usually don’t move, but many are tough enough to shrug off some damage from each blow. Object Defense and Bonuses to Attack: Objects are harder or easier to hit depending on their size and whether they are immobile or being held, carried, or worn by opponents. The base Defense of objects is shown on Table: Size and Defense of Objects.

Table: Size and Defense of Objects Size (Example) Defense Colossal (jetliner) –3 Gargantuan (army tank) 1 Huge (typical car) 3 Large (big door) 4 Medium-size (dirt bike) 5 Small (chair) 6 Tiny (laptop computer) 7 Diminutive (paperback book) 9 Fine (pencil) 13

If a character uses a full-round action to make an attack against an inanimate, immobile object, the character gets an automatic hit with a melee weapon, or a +5 bonus on his or her attack roll with a ranged weapon. An object being held, carried, or worn has a Defense equal to the above figure + 5 + the opponent’s Dexterity modifier + the opponent’s class bonus to Defense. Striking a held, carried, or worn object provokes an attack of opportunity from the character who holds it. (If a character has the Sunder feat, he or she doesn’t incur an attack of opportunity for making the attempt.) Hardness: Each object has hardness—a number that represents how well it resists damage. Whenever an object takes damage, subtract its hardness from the damage. Only damage in excess of its hardness is deducted from the object’s hit points (see Table: Substance Hardness and Hit Points and Table: Object Hardness and Hit Points). Hit Points: An object’s hit point total depends on what it is made of or how big it is (see Table Substance Hardness and Hit Points and Table Object Hardness and Hit Points).

Table: Substance Hardness and Hit Points Substance Hardness Hit Points Paper 0 2/inch of thickness Rope 0 2/inch of thickness Plastic, soft 0 3/inch of thickness Glass 1 1/inch of thickness Ceramic 1 2/inch of thickness Ice 0 3/inch of thickness Plastic, hard 2 5/inch of thickness Wood 5 10/inch of thickness Aluminum 6 10/inch of thickness Concrete 8 15/inch of thickness Steel 10 30/inch of thickness

Table: Object Hardness and Hit Points Object Hardness Hit Points Break DC Lock

Cheap 0 1 10 Average 3 5 15 High quality 5 10 20 High security 10 120 35 Ultrahigh security 20 150 40 Manufactured objects1

Fine 0 1 10 Diminutive 0 1 10 Tiny 1 2 10 Small 3 3 12 Medium-size 5 5 15 Large 5 10 15 Huge 8 10 20 Gargantuan 8 20 30 Colossal 10 30 50 Firearm, Medium-size 5 7 17 Rope 0 2 23 Simple wooden door 5 10 13 Strong wooden door 5 20 23 Steel door 10 120 35 Cinderblock wall 8 90 35 Chain 10 5 26 Handcuffs 10 10 30 Metal bars 10 15 30 1Figures for manufactured objects are minimum values. The GM may adjust these upward to account for objects with more strength and durability.

Energy Attacks

Acid and sonic/concussive attacks deal normal damage to most objects. Electricity and fire attacks deal half damage to most objects; divide the damage by 2 before applying the hardness. Cold attacks deal one-quarter damage to most objects; divide the damage by 4 before applying the hardness.

Ineffective Weapons

The GM may determine that certain weapons just can’t deal damage effectively to certain objects.

Immunities

Objects are immune to nonlethal damage and to critical hits.

Saving Throws: Unattended objects never make saving throws. They are considered to have failed their saving throws. An object attended by a character (being grasped, touched, or worn) receives a saving throw just as if the character herself were making the saving throw.

Breaking Objects When a character tries to break something with sudden force rather than by dealing damage, use a Strength check to see whether he or she succeeds. The DC depends more on the construction of the object than on the material. If an object has lost half or more of its hit points, the DC to break it decreases by 2.

Repairing Objects Repairing damage to an object takes a full hour of work and appropriate tools. (Without the tools, a character takes a –4 penalty on his or her Repair check.) At the end of the hour, make a Repair check (DC 20). Success restores 2d6 hit points. If damage remains, the character may continue to make repairs for as many hours as it takes to restore all the object’s hit points.

Bull Rush A character can attempt a bull rush as an attack action made during his or her move action, or as part of a charge. (In general, a character can’t make an attack action during a move action; this is an exception.) In either case, the character doesn’t get a 5-foot step before, during, or after the bull rush attempt. When the character bull rushes, he or she attempts to push an opponent straight back instead of attacking the opponent. A character can only bull rush an opponent who is one size category larger than the character, the same size, or smaller.

Initiating a Bull Rush

First, the character moves into the target’s square. Moving in this way provokes an attack of opportunity from each foe that threatens the character, probably including the target. Second, the character and the target make opposed Strength checks. If the character and the target are different sizes, the larger combatant gets a bonus on the Strength check of +4 per difference in size category. The character gets a +2 bonus if he or she was charging. The target gets a +4 stability bonus if he or she has more than two legs or is otherwise exceptionally stable. Bull Rush Results If the character beats the target’s Strength check, the character pushes the opponent back 5 feet. The character can push the target back an additional 5 feet for every 5 points by which the character exceeded the target’s check result, provided the character moves with the target. A character can’t, however, exceed his or her normal movement for that action. (The target provokes attacks of opportunity if moved. So does the character, if he or she moves with the target. The target and the character do not provoke attacks of opportunity from each other as a result of this movement.) If the character fails to beat the target’s Strength check, the character moves 5 feet straight back to where the character was before the character moved into the opponents square. If that square is occupied, the character falls prone in the square.

Overrun A character can attempt an overrun as an attack action made during his or her move action, or as part of a charge. (In general, a character cannot make an attack action during a move action; this is an exception.) In either case, the character doesn’t get a 5-foot step before, during, or after the overrun attempt. With an overrun, the character attempts to move through an opponents area, going past or over the opponent. A character can only overrun an opponent who is one size category larger than the character, the same size, or smaller. A character can make only one overrun attempt per action. First, the character must move at least 10 feet in a straight line into the target’s square (provoking attacks of opportunity normally). Then the target chooses either to avoid the character or to block the character. If the opponent avoids the character, the character keeps moving. (A character can always move through a square occupied by someone who lets the character by.) If the opponent blocks the character, make a trip attack against the opponent (see Trip). If the character succeeds in tripping his or her opponent, the character can continue his or her movement as normal. If the character fails and are tripped in turn, the character falls prone in the target’s square. If the character fails but are not tripped, the character has to move 5 feet back the way he or she came, ending his or her movement there. If that square is occupied, the character falls prone in the square.

Trip A character can try to trip an opponent, or otherwise knock him or her down, as an unarmed melee attack. A character can only trip an opponent who is one size category larger than the character, the same size, or smaller. Making a Trip Attack Make an unarmed melee touch attack against the target. Doing this provokes an attack of opportunity from the target as normal for unarmed attacks. If the attack succeeds, make a Strength check opposed by the target’s Dexterity check or Strength check (using whichever ability score has the higher modifier). If the character and the target are different sizes, the larger combatant gets a bonus on the Strength check of +4 per difference in size category. The target gets a +4 stability bonus on his or her check if he or she has more than two legs or is otherwise exceptionally stable. If the character wins, he or she trips the target. If the character loses, the target may immediately react and make a Strength check opposed by the character’s Dexterity check or Strength check to try to trip the character. Being Tripped (Prone) A tripped character is prone (see Table: Defense Modifiers). Standing up from a prone position is a move action. Tripping with a Weapon Some weapons, such as the chain and the whip, can be used to make trip attacks. A character doesn’t incur an attack of opportunity when doing so. If the character is tripped during his or her own trip attempt, the character can drop the weapon to avoid being tripped.

Disarm As a melee attack, a character may attempt to disarm his or her opponent. If the character does so with a weapon, he or she knocks the opponent’s weapon out of his or her hands and to the ground. If the character attempt the disarm while unarmed, the character ends up with the weapon in his or her hand. If a character is attempting to disarm the wielder of a melee weapon, follow the steps outlined here. Disarming the wielder of a ranged weapon is slightly different; see below. Step One: The character provokes an attack of opportunity from the target he or she is trying to disarm. Step Two: The character and the target make opposed attack rolls with their respective weapons. If the weapons are different sizes, the combatant with the larger weapon gets a bonus on the attack roll of +4 per difference in size category. If the target is using a weapon in two hands, he or she gets an additional +4 bonus. Also, if the combatants are different sizes, the larger combatant gets a bonus on the attack roll of +4 per difference in size category. Step Three: If the character beats the target’s attack roll, the target is disarmed. If the character attempted the disarm action unarmed, he or she now has the weapon. If the character was armed, the target’s weapon is on the ground at the target’s feet. If the character fails the disarm attempt, the target may immediately react and attempt to disarm the character with the same sort of opposed melee attack roll. The opponent’s attempt does not provoke an attack of opportunity from the character. If the opponent fails to disarm, the character does not get a free disarm attempt against the opponent.

Ranged Weapons

To disarm an opponent wielding a ranged weapon, the character makes a melee attack or unarmed attack to strike the weapon in the opponent’s hand (see Attack an Object). If the weapon is held in two hands, it gets a +2 bonus to its Defense. If the character’s attack succeeds, the ranged weapon falls to the ground or winds up in the character’s hands (if the character made the attack unarmed). This kind of disarm attempt provokes an attack of opportunity, but if the character fails, the target does not get to make a disarm attempt against him or her.

Grabbing Objects A character can also use disarm to snatch away an object worn by a target. Doing this works the same as a disarm attempt (see above), except for the following. Attack of Opportunity: If the target’s attack of opportunity inflicts any damage, the attempt to grab the object automatically fails. Modifiers: If the object is well secured or otherwise difficult to grab from the target, the target gets a +4 bonus. On the other hand, if the object is poorly secured or otherwise easy to snatch or cut away, the attacker gets a +4 bonus. Failed Attempts: Failing an attempt to grab an object doesn’t allow the target to at­tempt to disarm the character.

Grapple Grappling means wrestling and struggling hand-to-hand. There are three stages to grappling: grabbing, holding, and pinning.

Grabbing

Normally, a grab is just the first step to starting a grapple. If the character grabs an opponent, but fails to go on to hold him or her, the character doesn’t actually start a grapple. However, sometimes all a character wants to do is grab the target.

Holding

Once a character has established a hold, he or she is involved in a grapple. From a hold, a character can attempt a number of actions, including damaging the opponent or pinning the opponent. A character can’t get a hold on any creature more than two size categories larger than the character. (However, such a creature can get a hold on the character—so while a character can’t initiate a grapple with a creature more than two size categories larger than, a character can still end up in one.)

Pinning

Getting the opponent in a pin is often the goal of a grapple. A pinned character is held immobile.

Grapple Checks

When a character is involved in a grapple, he or she will need to make opposed grapple checks against an opponent—often repeatedly. A grapple check is something like a melee attack roll. A character’s attack bonus on a grapple check is: Base attack bonus + Strength modifier + grapple modifier

Grapple Modifier

A creature’s size works in its favor when grappling, if that creature is Large or larger in size. Conversely, a creature of Small or smaller size is at a disadvantage because of its size when grappling. Instead of using a creature’s size modifier on a grapple check (as would be done for a melee or ranged attack roll), use the appropriate grapple modifier from Table: Grapple Modifiers.

Table: Grapple Modifiers

Size (Example) Grapple Modifier Colossal (blue whale [90 ft. long]) +16 Gargantuan (gray whale [40 ft. long]) +12 Huge (elephant) +8 Large (lion) +4 Medium-size (human) +0 Small (German shepherd) –4 Tiny (housecat) –8 Diminutive (rat) –12 Fine (horsefly) –16

Starting a Grapple

To start a grapple, a character first needs to grab and hold his or her target. Attempting to start a grapple is the equivalent of making a melee attack. If the character gets multiple attacks in a round, he or she can attempt to start a grapple multiple times (at successively lower base attack bonuses). Follow these steps. 1. Attack of Opportunity: A character provokes an attack of opportunity from the target he or she is trying to grapple. If the attack of opportunity deals the character damage, the character fails to start the grapple. If the attack of opportunity misses or otherwise fails to deal damage, proceed to step 2. 2. Grab: The character makes a melee touch attack to grab the target. If the character fails to hit the target, the character fails to start the grapple. If the character succeeds, proceed to step 3. 3. Hold: Make an opposed grapple check. (This is a free action.) If the character succeeds, the character has started the grapple, and deals damage to the target as if with an unarmed strike. If the character loses, he or she fails to start the grapple. The character automatically loses an attempt to hold if the target is two or more size categories larger than the character is (but the character can still make an attempt to grab such a target, if that’s all he or she wants to do). 4. Maintain the Grapple: To maintain the grapple for later rounds, the character must move into the target’s square. (This movement is free and doesn’t count as part of the character’s movement for the round movement.) Moving, as normal, provokes attacks of opportunity from threatening enemies, but not from the target. The character and the target are now grappling. If the character can’t move into the target’s square, the character can’t maintain the grapple and must immediately let go of the target. To grapple again, the character must begin at step 1.

Grappling Consequences While a character is grappling, his or her ability to attack others and defend him or herself is limited. No Threatened Squares: A character doesn’t threaten any squares while grappling. No Dexterity Bonus: A character loses his or her Dexterity bonus to Defense (if the character has one) against opponents the character isn’t grappling. (The character can still use it against opponents he or she is grappling.) No Movement: A character cannot move while held in a grapple.

If the Character is Grappling When a character is grappling (regardless of who started the grapple), he or she can attempt any of several actions on his or her turn. Unless otherwise noted, each of these options is equivalent to an attack. (If the character normally gets more than one attack per attack action, he or she can attempt as many of these options as he or she has attacks available, using his or her successively lower attack bonus for each roll.) The character is limited to these options only; he or she cannot take any other actions. Damage the Opponent: Make an opposed grapple check; if the character succeeds, he or she deals damage as with an un­armed strike. Pin: Make an opposed grapple check; if the character succeeds, he or she holds the opponent immobile for 1 round. The opponent takes a –4 penalty to Defense against all attacks from other people (but not from the character); however, the opponent is not considered helpless. A character can’t use a weapon on a pinned character or attempt to damage or pin a second opponent while holding a pin on the first. A pinned character can’t take any action except to attempt to escape from the pin. Escape from Grapple: Make an opposed grapple check. If the character succeeds, he or she can escape the grapple. If more than one opponent is grappling the character, the grapple check result has to beat all their check results to escape. (Opponents don’t have to try to hold a character if they don’t want to.) Alternatively, the character can make an Escape Artist check opposed by the opponent’s grapple check to escape from the grapple. This is an attack action that the character may only attempt once per round, even if the character gets multiple attacks. If the character has not used his or her move action for the round, the character may do so after escaping the grapple. Escape from Pin: Make an opposed grapple check. If the character succeeds, he or she can escape from being pinned. (Opponents don’t have to try to keep the character pinned if they don’t want to.) The character is still being grappled, however. Alternatively, a character can make an Escape Artist check opposed by the opponent’s grapple check to escape from the pin. This is an attack action that the character may only attempt once per round, even if the character gets multiple attacks. Break Another’s Pin: Make an opposed grapple check; if the character succeeds, he or she can break the hold that an opponent has over an ally. Draw a Light Weapon: A character can draw a light weap­on as a move action. Attack with a Light Weapon: A character can attack with a light weapon while grappling (but not while pinned or pinning). A character can’t attack with two weap­ons while grappling. If the Character is Pinned When an opponent has pinned the character, he or she is held immobile (but not helpless) for 1 round. (the character can’t attempt any other action.) On the character’s turn, he or she can attempt to escape from the pin. If the character succeeds, he or she is still grappling. Joining a Grapple If the target is already grappling someone else, a character can use an attack to start a grapple, as above, except that the target doesn’t get an attack of opportunity against the character, and the character’s grab automatically succeeds. The character still has to make a successful opposed grapple check and move in to be part of the grapple. If multiple enemies are already involved in the grapple, the character picks one against whom to make the opposed grapple check. Multiple Grapplers Several combatants can be in a single grapple. Up to four combatants can grapple a single opponent in a given round. Creatures that are one size category smaller than the character count as one-half creature each; creatures that are one size category larger than the character count as two creatures; and creatures two or more size categories larger than the character count as four creatures. When involved in a grapple with multiple opponents, the character chooses one opponent to make an opposed check against. The exception is an attempt to escape from the grapple; to escape, a character’s grapple check must beat the check results of all opponents.